In the real world, it would be almost impossible to replicate the question. To instantly provide an equal but opposite force is going to be extremely difficult. As for the disbelievers, I agree with your arguments that the plane will fly if the wheels were allowed to skid or you put it on ice, then the the wheel and the surface would not be in equilibrium and so the wheel would be able to move at a faster rate than the surface.
By the way, while the aircraft is on the ground and below flying speed, the wings are useless appendages. The thrust/propulsion acts on the air to create forward movement. However this forward movement is transfered via the wheels over the ground. Since the wheel and the conveyor are in equilibrium the body of the plane will remain stationary relative to the ground beside the conveyor.
Someone used the analogy of a person pushing a shopping trolley on a moving surface, where I think everyone understood that you have to push the trolley, and no matter how fast you go, you cannot move forward relative to the ground next to the trolley if the conveyor is moving against you. The fact that the wheels are not driven directly is not that important. Thrust is being applied to the trolley and that thrust is being converted to forward motion via the wheels. Yes, in the case of a jet engine, the thrust is far greater but is still being applied to the body of the aircraft and converted to forward movement via the wheels. Remember that forward movement from the wing/flight only happens once airspeed is high enough.