Basically what happens is that air moves from a high pressure are to low pressure area. Under normal circumstances the exhaust turbine spins due to the exhaust flow which drives the compressor round and forces air into the inlet commonly know as boost.
When you get surge, you get a reverse flow of the air. From the high pressure in the inlet pipe work back through the turbo into the tip.
Dv's or blowoff valves over come this by releasing the pressure and stopping the compressor stalling. In a surge situation the compressor stalls and then reverses causing the exhaust turbine to the same. You get no air in the inlet a restricted exhaust flow and a bogged down engine response. in extreme situations the turbo shaft can snap due to the stress. A faulty dv or cracked vacuum feed will be the most probable cause of a surge.
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